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ELSAM Report on Indonesian Ad Hoc Trials = for East=20 Timor
Report No. 8



Progress = Report=20 VIII=20

Jakarta, 12 November 2002

Introduction: Eurico Guteres' Position in the Crime Against = Humanity in=20 East Timor

There is no doubt that the chain of events before and after the = referendum in East Timor is a crime. The crime was in form of = terror,=20 manslaughter, abduction until it reached the peak in form of.=20 extermination, along with the migration of hundreds of thousand = refugees.=20 All the defendants in the Human Right Ad Hoc Court are individuals = suspected of having executed, sponsored or facilitated the chain = of=20 crimes. Those acts of crime in Indonesian system of positive law = are=20 quantified as crime against humanity.

In order to substantiate that the crime against humanity exited = and=20 occurred, Eurico Gutteres has been standing on trial. As the Vice=20 Commander of Pasukan Pejuang Integrasi (Pro-Integration Troop) he = adopted=20 a very important role in East Timor's field condition pre and post = referendum. It can even been said that Eurico Gutteres was the = icon of the=20 chain of violence along with his Aitarak militia throughout the = referendum=20 process. Almost everyone in East Timor at the time, especially in = Dili,=20 knew that Eurico was free in doing his activities due to the space = and=20 freedom provided by the security apparatus. Eurico, with the = Aitarak=20 militia, was free to mobilise other militias from Liwuisa up to = Suai,=20 Meliana to Los Palos and equip them with TNI/Police standard or = generic=20 weapons.

Bearing in mind all the incidents East Timor pre and post = Referendum=20 and the actions taken by the militia units united in Pasukan = Pejuang=20 Integrasi, thus the trial process of Eurico Gutteres is very = important and=20 critical in understanding and mapping the most accountable = parties.

Throughout pre and post Referendum armed civilian groups and=20 paramilitary engaged in activities hand in hand with small units = of TNI.=20 Trained Citizens (Ratih) were deemed to be a part of Indonesia's = civilian=20 defence in East Timor. They were recruited under the jurisdiction = of the=20 Department of Domestic Affairs, but trained and operated by the = local TNI=20 units At the same time emerged other groups known as perlawanan = rakyat=20 (people's struggle) and keamanan rakyat (people's security). The=20 establishment of armed militias was initiated by the founding of = Gadapaksa=20 in mid 1990's.

At the end of 1998, "incidentally" at the same time with the = increase=20 of political tension in the effort of finding solution to the East = Timor=20 problem in international forum, several paramilitary groups more = militant=20 in nature were established. Along with the militia groups = previously=20 existed, these militia groups were allegedly engaged in = intimidating=20 people, marching into houses and searching them and even = committing sexual=20 violence and murder. All these actions were directed specifically = to=20 members of the society whom they suspected as adopting the=20 pro-independence stance. Their role became more pronounced before, = during=20 and after the referendum.

The previous elaboration is ample evidence of the close = relation,=20 structurally and operationally, between the pro-integration armed = militia=20 with Indonesia's security apparatus, especially TNI, which = theoretically=20 fits the thesis of TNI's "complete and effective control" upon the = military operation in East Timor which involved the militia.

Eurico should have been positioned at that context in his trial = at the=20 Human Right Ad Hoc Court. In reality, however, throughout the=20 substantiation process both the prosecutor and the counsellor have = been=20 positioning Eurico (and his civilian militia) outside the context = of=20 military operation and the "complete control" of TNI. This implies = denial=20 upon the notion that Eurico has been executing criminal actions = within the=20 knowledge of and supported by TNI as Indonesia's security = apparatus,=20 whereas this notion is what makes the case as fitting to be tried = by the=20 ad hoc human right court. Should Eurico's position is unhinged = from TNI's,=20 he should have been tried as a common criminal and not as a = perpetrator in=20 the context of crime against humanity.

Judging from the whole process of Eurico's trial thus far, it = is=20 apparent that there is a lack of seriousness in the chain of = construction=20 indicted upon him. This is so because throughout the process of = the trial,=20 it is as if Eurico was acting upon his personal will with no = relation=20 whatsoever with the various security apparatus operation and the = political=20 ambition planned in Jakarta and Dili at the time. This statement = is not=20 meant to imply that Eurico as an individual is an innocent party = in his=20 various criminal actions that he had executed in the name of = integration=20 with Indonesia. Eurico should still be maximally accounted for all = the=20 crimes indicted upon him.

Assessment on the Requisatoir (Criminal Charges) of Eurico = Guteres

On Thursday, 31 October 2002, the requisatoir for Eurico = Guteres' case=20 was issued by the Prosecutor (Muhammad Yusuf and Dien Murdinah) = after 5=20 months of trial. It is also the first charges amongst the 9 case = dossiers=20 of the second phase trials in the ad hoc human right court for = East Timor=20 which has taken place in the Central Jakarta Court. Thus there = would be=20 several points of assessment that are crucial to be responded.

=B7 Legal Facts on Witness Examination

In the charges , the prosecutor clearly stated that: There have = been=20 nineteen (19) witnesses examined which consist of: 18 A Charge = witnesses,=20 consisting of 11 persons providing direct testimony and 7 persons = whose=20 statements in the Investigation Note (BAP) were read out and out = of these=20 7 witnesses 5 of whose statements were read out were under oath = and 1 a de=20 charge witness gave his statement under oath accordingly to his = belief.=20 (see Table)

No Name Status according to prosecutor
1 ALFREDO SANCHES A=20 Charge
2 JULIO DE SOUSA A Charge
3 DOMINGOS BOAVIDA A = Charge
4=20 MANUEL. V. CARRASCALAO A Charge
5 BASILIO DIAS ARAUJO A = Charge
6=20 JOSE AFAT A Charge
7 SOEDJARWO A Charge
8 ABILIO J.O. SOARES = A=20 Charge
9 JOAO D.S. TAVARES A Charge
10 AGUSTINUS B. = PANGARIBUAN A=20 Charge
11 DOMINGGOS M.D. SOARES A Charge
12 LEANDRO ISAAC = BAP A=20 Charge
13 VICTOR dos SANTOS (APIN) BAP A Charge
14 SANTIAGO = do=20 SANTOS BAP A Charge
15 FLORINDO de JESUS BAP A Charge
16 = MARIA C.=20 CARRASCALAO BAP A Charge
17 JUANICO DASIVA BAP A Charge
18 = SUPARNO=20 BAP A Charge
19 MARCELINO MARTIN XIMENES A de Charge

The assumption that the 18 witnesses (11 were cross-examined = and 7 had=20 their statements read out) were giving out testimonies against the = defendant (a charge) is by far too optimist of a notion. Saying = that those=20 18 were witnesses summoned by the prosecutor in hope for them to = fortify=20 the indictment would be more correct. The statement saying that = these 18=20 witnesses have been giving testimonies against the defendant = should be=20 re-clarified.

According to the result of the monitoring, indeed the 18 have = given out=20 their testimony, but only few of them fortifying the indictment, = which in=20 fact were the 5 witnesses whose statements were read out upon the = court,=20 whereas the rest of them gave testimonies which have no = significant effect=20 to the indictment. (see table)

Daftar Saksi dan Penilaian kualitas pemeriksaan Kesaksian = Selama=20 Monitoring

No Name of Witness Status Nature of Testimony/Statement
1 = ALFREDO=20 SANCHES Victim Fortifying Indictment
2 JULIO DE SOUSA = Non-victim Not=20 significant
3 DOMINGOS BOAVIDA victim Not significant
4 = MANUEL. V.=20 CARRASCALAO Victim Not significant
5 BASILIO DIAS ARAUJO = Non-victim Not=20 significant
6 JOSE AFAT Maubara Head of Administration Area = Fortifying=20 Indictment
7 SOEDJARWO Dandim 1627 Dilli Not significant
8 = ABILIO=20 J.O. SOARES East Timor Governor Not significant
9 JOAO D.S. = TAVARES=20 Present in the mass rally Not significant
10 AGUSTINUS B = PANGARIBUAN=20 Kasatserse Polres Dilli (police) Not significant
11 DOMINGGOS = M.D.=20 SOARES Dilli Head of Regency Not significant
12 LEANDRO ISAAC* = CNRT=20 Member Fortifying Indictment
13 VICTOR dos SANTOS (APIN)* = victim=20 Fortifying Indictment
14 SANTIAGO do SANTOS* victim Fortifying=20 Indictment
15 FLORINDO de JESUS* victim Fortifying = Indictment
16=20 MARIA C. CARRASCALAO* victim Fortifying Indictment
17 JUANICO = DASIVA*=20 Non-victim Not significant
18 SUPARNO* Non-victim Not = significant
*=20 BAP Read Out


=B7 Balance of Witness Composition

It should be also noted that the comparison between the amount = of=20 witnesses proposed by the prosecutor and the counsellor is very=20 unbalanced. The prosecutor presented 18witnesses, whereas the = defence=20 presented only one, namely: MARCELINO MARTIN XIMENES. This is a = very=20 important fact, which should have raised the question on why the = defence=20 only presented one witness. The judges should have paid attention = to this=20 fact, because if the process of witness cross-examination runs = unbalanced=20 then it might be an indication that the trial of that particular = case=20 fails to uphold fair trial principles. Whereas a defendant in a = criminal=20 case is entitled to "examine or, be examined, the witnesses = against=20 him/her and present and examine the witnesses on his/her behalf = with the=20 same conditions applied to witnesses testifying against him/her." = .

The lack of a de charge witness who could be presented was due = to=20 several factors, namely: first, most of the prospective witnesses = lived in=20 Attambua so it was hard to bring them forth. Second, the lack of = financial=20 resources of the defendant and his team of counsellor to cover the = expenses for presenting the a de charge witnesses . Responding to = the=20 difficulty of the defence in bringing forth the a decharge = witnesses, the=20 Chief Judge of the panel that is processing the Eurico Gutteres = dossier,=20 Herman Keller Hutapea stated that it was the interest of the = defendant and=20 the panel of Judges had provided the opportunity to the team of=20 counsellor, but since the defence had gone over the limit of time = given=20 thus the panel of judges were compelled to enforce the limit. . =

=B7 The Charges issued by the Prosecutor reaffirms the = assumption that=20 what happened in East Timor merely clashes between civilians with = no=20 relation to the military.

The assumption upheld in the trials of ad hoc human rights = court for=20 East Timor upon the post referendum incidents is that their = background of=20 these occurrences was the enmity between the pro-independence and=20 pro-integration group. This is so because the whole exploration = process in=20 examining testimonies has always been directed to that direction = with no=20 significant effort to link it with the policy of military/TNI at = the=20 time.

Even in the charges against Eurico Guterres the prosecutor in = its=20 elaboration still affirms this scenario. For example, the = prosecutor=20 explains that it is true that in early 1999 the general situation = of Dili=20 was tensed, even more so due to the establishment of = pro-independence and=20 pro-integration groups. This situation frequently lead to physical = clashes, especially in the areas near Dili such as Maubara, = Liquica,=20 Turiscai, Alas and Ainaro. This statement is reaffirmed by various = testimonies, such as from Soedjarwo , Abelio Soares .

=B7 The charges against Eurico should have been upon the ground = of=20 commission

The charges against Eurico Guterres in the indictment dossier = of the=20 prosecutor stated that the defendant has allegedly violated = article 42=20 verse (2) a and b. This article essentially elaborated that the = defendant=20 is guilty of letting the occurrence of crimes against humanity by = his/her=20 inferiors in the context of civilian commando. Thus the charges = reinforced=20 that the defendant has committed crime by omission, not by = ordering or=20 executing the action of crime. The prosecutor's reasoning in = implementing=20 the ground of omission is a weakness of its own , because the = defendant=20 should have been charged on grounds of crime by commission.

Elsam's earlier criticism and hypothesis that the prosecutor = should=20 have built the indictment on grounds of crime by commission is = proven in=20 the charges. In the prosecutor's elaboration in the Requisatoir = against=20 Eurico Guterres, it is found that many of the prosecutor's = explanations=20 and explorations of the testimonies given are bent upon the = direction that=20 Eurico Guterres has been guilty of crime by commission.

In the charges the prosecutor admitted and elaborated that: = accordingly=20 to the testimony of Basilio enforced by the explanation of the = defendant,=20 even according to the testimony of Manuel V Carascalao, Santiago = dos=20 Santos , and Maria C Carrascalao the defendant in addressing the = rally had=20 spoken the words " the family of Imanuel Viegas Carrascalao should = be=20 exterminated" or the prosecutor in its charges has stated that: = based on=20 the testimony of Leandro Isac the defendant even lead the rally on = motorcycle just before the attack of refugees who were taking = shelter at=20 the residence of Manuel Carascalao.

=B7 Minimal Criminal Charges


The criminal charges of the prosecutor against Eurico = Guterres=20 stated that Eurico Guteres is legally and convincingly proven = according to=20 the Law of being guilty of gross violation of human rights as = contained in=20 the first indictment namely based on article 42 verse (2) a and b = jis=20 article 7 point b, article 9 point a and article 37 Law No 26 year = 2000,=20 and the second indictment, namely of violating article 42 verse = (2) a and=20 b jis article 7 point b, article 9 point h and article 40 Law No = 26 year=20 2000. The charges demand for 10 years of imprisonment.

The criminal charges on Eurico by the prosecutor can be = regarded as a=20 minimal charge because article 9 point a of Law No 26 year 2000 = stipulates=20 that the maximum penalty is 25 years and the minimal is 10. = Whereas=20 article 9 point h of Law No 26 year 2000 stipulates that the = maximum=20 criminal penalty is 20 years and the minimal is 10. In the charges = Eurico=20 clearly has legally and convincingly been proven of having = violated the=20 provisions. We consider the proposed penalty is contradicting the = earlier=20 elaboration of the prosecutor, so we assumed that the proposed = penalty was=20 pre-prepared at the initial stages of the court, originating from = the plan=20 of indictment (rentut) of the General Attorney.

Summary
Observing the trial process of Eurico Gutteres as = the=20 defendant until the stage of charges and comparing it with the = other case=20 dossiers, there are several points that should be noted:

- In the statement of charges there is an improvement on the=20 prosecutor's side, namely by referring to the practices of = international=20 law upon similar typology with Eurico Gutteres' case. However, the = prosecutor still committed the same mistakes as in the three = dossiers that=20 have been decided upon by the judges

o First, the elaboration in the charges is so "confident", but = with=20 unbalanced whereas the proposed penalty. Eurico is charged with = the=20 minimal penalty of 10 years of imprisonment.
o Seconf, the = charges=20 with the ground of omission, whereas in the substation process and = witness=20 cross-examination the prosecutor directed its efforts to prove = that Eurico=20 has committed crime by commission. This is unavoidable because = even from=20 the initial steps of the trial Eurico's indictment should have = been=20 positioned on grounds of by commission.
o Third, the = prosecutor's lack=20 of ability in translating "command responsibility" in the Eurico = Gutteres'=20 dossier. the prosecutor is often trapped in the ambiguity of = structural=20 command responsibility and the field command responsibility. This = has very=20 fatal consequences: if what is meant is field command = responsibility, the=20 indictment of Eurico should have been grounded on crime by = commission,=20 whereas if what is meant is the structural command responsibility=20 (assuming that the hierarchical relation between TNI and = pro-integration=20 militia is proven), thus Eurico's position as the Vice Commander = of PPPI=20 is questionable, why not Joao Tavares, the commander of PPPI = himself,=20 stands on trial?

- Compared to the charges of the defendant from the military = circle,=20 the defence for Eurico seemed to be not maximal. This is evident = from the=20 unbalanced composition of a decharge witness if compared to the a = charge=20 witness (1:10). Aside from that, the witnesses from TNI gave = testimonies=20 that are insignificant to the indictment. A third of the = testimonies=20 constituted of "mere" reading out the testimonies contained in the = investigation note (BAP).

- By using article 42(2) on civilian command responsibility = against=20 Eurico Guteres, the prosecutor should have proven that his militia = organisation was a "powerful" one operationally , with clear = formal=20 hierarchy, especially in decision making, funding and in relating = with=20 other armed militias in East Timor. Only if that is proven the = "effective=20 control" can be regarded as existing.

- The failure in positioning Eurico "appropriately" and the = lack of=20 testimony from the military circle in the trial process, as well = as the=20 absence of the military high officials who were summoned by either = prosecutor and defence gave the impression of Eurico being used as = the=20 scape goat of the military officials in this ad hoc court.


Jakarta, 12 November 2002.
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